Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Cannabinoids as Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic and Critical Review of In Vitro Efficacy Against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13111023

Figure Lengend Snippet: A summary of the in vitro activity of cannabinoids (MIC and MBC data) against MRSA and VRSA.

Article Snippet: Blaskovich et al., 2021 [ ] , CBD, CBDA, CBDV, 7-hydroxycannabidiol, MTC-002, MTC-005, MTC-007, MTC-008, MTC-009, MTC-011, MTC-012, MTC-013, MTC-014, MTC-017, MTC-018, 7-nor-7-carboxycannabidiol, 7-nor-7-hydroxymethyl-cannabidivarin, 7-nor-7-carboxy-cannabidivarin, Δ9-THC [ , ], THCV, THCVA, THCA-A, Δ8-THC, CBG, CBGA, CBNA , Aerobic assay MRSA (n ≥ 4) (ATCC 43300, ATCC 700699:NRS-1, ATCC 33591, clinical isolates) VRSA (n ≥ 4) (VRS1) Anaerobic assay MRSA (n ≥ 4) (ATCC 43300) , Aerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA (ATCC 43300) CBD = 1–2 CBDA = 16–32 CBDV = 2–4 7-hydroxycannabidiol = 16 MTC-002 = 16 MTC-005 = 16 MTC-007 = 0.5–2 MTC-008 = 2–4 MTC-009 = 1–2 MTC-011 ≥ 64 MTC-012 > 64 MTC-013 > 64 MTC-014 = 0.25–0.5 MTC-017 = 2 MTC-018 = 1–2 7-nor-7-carboxycannabidiol ≥ 64 7-nor-7-hydroxymethyl-cannabidivarin = 64 7-nor-7-carboxy-cannabidivarin >64 Δ9-THC = 4–8 THCV = 64 THCVA = 32–64 THCA-A = 8 Δ8-THC = 4–8 CBG = 4–8 CBGA = 2–4 CBNA = 4–16 MIC (mg/L) against MRSA (NRS1) CBD = 1–4 MIC (mg/L) against VRSA CBD = 1–2 Anaerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA CBD = 1–2 , Aerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA VAN = 0.5–4 DAP = 0.5–8 TMP = 2–4 Mupirocin = 0.125–0.5 CLI ≥ 64 MIC (mg/L) against VRSA VAN > 64 DAP = 1–4 TMP >64 Mupirocin = 32–64 CLI >64 Anaerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA VAN = 05–1 ERY > 32 TET = 0.06–0.25 Mupirocin = 0.03–0.06 CLI > 32.

Techniques: In Vitro, Activity Assay, Bacteria

Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Cannabinoids as Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic and Critical Review of In Vitro Efficacy Against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13111023

Figure Lengend Snippet: A comparison of cannabinoids with in vitro MIC values (<16 mg/L) against MRSA. Compounds such as CBDA, CBNA, and THCV with MIC values ≥ 16 mg/L were excluded from the graph. Mean MIC and standard error are shown for compounds with multiple values. Abbreviations are listed at the end of the article.

Article Snippet: Blaskovich et al., 2021 [ ] , CBD, CBDA, CBDV, 7-hydroxycannabidiol, MTC-002, MTC-005, MTC-007, MTC-008, MTC-009, MTC-011, MTC-012, MTC-013, MTC-014, MTC-017, MTC-018, 7-nor-7-carboxycannabidiol, 7-nor-7-hydroxymethyl-cannabidivarin, 7-nor-7-carboxy-cannabidivarin, Δ9-THC [ , ], THCV, THCVA, THCA-A, Δ8-THC, CBG, CBGA, CBNA , Aerobic assay MRSA (n ≥ 4) (ATCC 43300, ATCC 700699:NRS-1, ATCC 33591, clinical isolates) VRSA (n ≥ 4) (VRS1) Anaerobic assay MRSA (n ≥ 4) (ATCC 43300) , Aerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA (ATCC 43300) CBD = 1–2 CBDA = 16–32 CBDV = 2–4 7-hydroxycannabidiol = 16 MTC-002 = 16 MTC-005 = 16 MTC-007 = 0.5–2 MTC-008 = 2–4 MTC-009 = 1–2 MTC-011 ≥ 64 MTC-012 > 64 MTC-013 > 64 MTC-014 = 0.25–0.5 MTC-017 = 2 MTC-018 = 1–2 7-nor-7-carboxycannabidiol ≥ 64 7-nor-7-hydroxymethyl-cannabidivarin = 64 7-nor-7-carboxy-cannabidivarin >64 Δ9-THC = 4–8 THCV = 64 THCVA = 32–64 THCA-A = 8 Δ8-THC = 4–8 CBG = 4–8 CBGA = 2–4 CBNA = 4–16 MIC (mg/L) against MRSA (NRS1) CBD = 1–4 MIC (mg/L) against VRSA CBD = 1–2 Anaerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA CBD = 1–2 , Aerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA VAN = 0.5–4 DAP = 0.5–8 TMP = 2–4 Mupirocin = 0.125–0.5 CLI ≥ 64 MIC (mg/L) against VRSA VAN > 64 DAP = 1–4 TMP >64 Mupirocin = 32–64 CLI >64 Anaerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA VAN = 05–1 ERY > 32 TET = 0.06–0.25 Mupirocin = 0.03–0.06 CLI > 32.

Techniques: Comparison, In Vitro

Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Cannabinoids as Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic and Critical Review of In Vitro Efficacy Against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13111023

Figure Lengend Snippet: Time-kill test results.

Article Snippet: Blaskovich et al., 2021 [ ] , CBD, CBDA, CBDV, 7-hydroxycannabidiol, MTC-002, MTC-005, MTC-007, MTC-008, MTC-009, MTC-011, MTC-012, MTC-013, MTC-014, MTC-017, MTC-018, 7-nor-7-carboxycannabidiol, 7-nor-7-hydroxymethyl-cannabidivarin, 7-nor-7-carboxy-cannabidivarin, Δ9-THC [ , ], THCV, THCVA, THCA-A, Δ8-THC, CBG, CBGA, CBNA , Aerobic assay MRSA (n ≥ 4) (ATCC 43300, ATCC 700699:NRS-1, ATCC 33591, clinical isolates) VRSA (n ≥ 4) (VRS1) Anaerobic assay MRSA (n ≥ 4) (ATCC 43300) , Aerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA (ATCC 43300) CBD = 1–2 CBDA = 16–32 CBDV = 2–4 7-hydroxycannabidiol = 16 MTC-002 = 16 MTC-005 = 16 MTC-007 = 0.5–2 MTC-008 = 2–4 MTC-009 = 1–2 MTC-011 ≥ 64 MTC-012 > 64 MTC-013 > 64 MTC-014 = 0.25–0.5 MTC-017 = 2 MTC-018 = 1–2 7-nor-7-carboxycannabidiol ≥ 64 7-nor-7-hydroxymethyl-cannabidivarin = 64 7-nor-7-carboxy-cannabidivarin >64 Δ9-THC = 4–8 THCV = 64 THCVA = 32–64 THCA-A = 8 Δ8-THC = 4–8 CBG = 4–8 CBGA = 2–4 CBNA = 4–16 MIC (mg/L) against MRSA (NRS1) CBD = 1–4 MIC (mg/L) against VRSA CBD = 1–2 Anaerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA CBD = 1–2 , Aerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA VAN = 0.5–4 DAP = 0.5–8 TMP = 2–4 Mupirocin = 0.125–0.5 CLI ≥ 64 MIC (mg/L) against VRSA VAN > 64 DAP = 1–4 TMP >64 Mupirocin = 32–64 CLI >64 Anaerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA VAN = 05–1 ERY > 32 TET = 0.06–0.25 Mupirocin = 0.03–0.06 CLI > 32.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Concentration Assay, Time-Kill Assay, Incubation, Bacteria

Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Cannabinoids as Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic and Critical Review of In Vitro Efficacy Against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13111023

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibiofilm effects.

Article Snippet: Blaskovich et al., 2021 [ ] , CBD, CBDA, CBDV, 7-hydroxycannabidiol, MTC-002, MTC-005, MTC-007, MTC-008, MTC-009, MTC-011, MTC-012, MTC-013, MTC-014, MTC-017, MTC-018, 7-nor-7-carboxycannabidiol, 7-nor-7-hydroxymethyl-cannabidivarin, 7-nor-7-carboxy-cannabidivarin, Δ9-THC [ , ], THCV, THCVA, THCA-A, Δ8-THC, CBG, CBGA, CBNA , Aerobic assay MRSA (n ≥ 4) (ATCC 43300, ATCC 700699:NRS-1, ATCC 33591, clinical isolates) VRSA (n ≥ 4) (VRS1) Anaerobic assay MRSA (n ≥ 4) (ATCC 43300) , Aerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA (ATCC 43300) CBD = 1–2 CBDA = 16–32 CBDV = 2–4 7-hydroxycannabidiol = 16 MTC-002 = 16 MTC-005 = 16 MTC-007 = 0.5–2 MTC-008 = 2–4 MTC-009 = 1–2 MTC-011 ≥ 64 MTC-012 > 64 MTC-013 > 64 MTC-014 = 0.25–0.5 MTC-017 = 2 MTC-018 = 1–2 7-nor-7-carboxycannabidiol ≥ 64 7-nor-7-hydroxymethyl-cannabidivarin = 64 7-nor-7-carboxy-cannabidivarin >64 Δ9-THC = 4–8 THCV = 64 THCVA = 32–64 THCA-A = 8 Δ8-THC = 4–8 CBG = 4–8 CBGA = 2–4 CBNA = 4–16 MIC (mg/L) against MRSA (NRS1) CBD = 1–4 MIC (mg/L) against VRSA CBD = 1–2 Anaerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA CBD = 1–2 , Aerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA VAN = 0.5–4 DAP = 0.5–8 TMP = 2–4 Mupirocin = 0.125–0.5 CLI ≥ 64 MIC (mg/L) against VRSA VAN > 64 DAP = 1–4 TMP >64 Mupirocin = 32–64 CLI >64 Anaerobic assay MIC (mg/L) against MRSA VAN = 05–1 ERY > 32 TET = 0.06–0.25 Mupirocin = 0.03–0.06 CLI > 32.

Techniques: Bacteria, Activity Assay, Inhibition, Positive Control, Concentration Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Insights in the Antimicrobial Potential of the Natural Nisin Variant Nisin H

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573614

Figure Lengend Snippet: Determination of purity, yield and cleavage efficiency of the pre-nisin variants. (A) Purity of the purified nisin A and the variants nisin H and nisin H F 1 I (Marker: Precision Plus Protein Dual Xtra standards Bio-Rad). (B) Yields after purification of nisin A and their corresponding variants via cation-exchange chromatography. (C) Quantification of the cleavage efficiency of NisP. (D) Chromatogram of nisin H. (E) Chromatogram of the nisin H F 1 I variant. The pre-nisin variants before NisP cleavage were shown by blue dashed lines and after NisP cleavage by black lines. Error bars represent the standard deviation of at least three biological replicates.

Article Snippet: All bacteria used for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of nisin variants [ Bacillus subtilis 168; S. aureus : MSSA strain ATCC 29213, MRSA/VISA strain ATCC 700699; E. faecium : ATCC 35667, ATCC 700221 (vancomycin resistant); E. faecalis : ATCC 29212, ATCC 51299 (vancomycin resistant)] were cultivated in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) at 37°C and shaking at 150 rpm.

Techniques: Purification, Marker, Chromatography, Variant Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Insights in the Antimicrobial Potential of the Natural Nisin Variant Nisin H

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573614

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nisin mediated pore formation, visualized with the SYTOX green assay. The NZ9000Cm strain incubated with the SYTOX dye. After a stable baseline (∼200 s), one of the nisin variants (100 nM) was added (indicated with an arrow). The fluorescence signal was measured using a fluorolog (Horiba III). The rapid increase in fluorescence indicates pore formation. The black line represents the addition of nisin A, the red line nisin H, and the blue line nisin H F 1 I. As a control we added buffer shown as green line.

Article Snippet: All bacteria used for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of nisin variants [ Bacillus subtilis 168; S. aureus : MSSA strain ATCC 29213, MRSA/VISA strain ATCC 700699; E. faecium : ATCC 35667, ATCC 700221 (vancomycin resistant); E. faecalis : ATCC 29212, ATCC 51299 (vancomycin resistant)] were cultivated in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) at 37°C and shaking at 150 rpm.

Techniques: Incubation, Fluorescence, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Insights in the Antimicrobial Potential of the Natural Nisin Variant Nisin H

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573614

Figure Lengend Snippet: MIC values for nisin A, nisin H, and nisin H F 1 I against different pathogenic strains.

Article Snippet: All bacteria used for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of nisin variants [ Bacillus subtilis 168; S. aureus : MSSA strain ATCC 29213, MRSA/VISA strain ATCC 700699; E. faecium : ATCC 35667, ATCC 700221 (vancomycin resistant); E. faecalis : ATCC 29212, ATCC 51299 (vancomycin resistant)] were cultivated in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) at 37°C and shaking at 150 rpm.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Current State of Knowledge Regarding WHO High Priority Pathogens—Resistance Mechanisms and Proposed Solutions through Candidates Such as Essential Oils: A Systematic Review

doi: 10.3390/ijms24119727

Figure Lengend Snippet: Studies assessing the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against methicillin resistant, vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant S. aureus (a non-exhaustive list).

Article Snippet: Demirci F et al., 2018 , MRSA ATCC 700699 S. aureus ATCC BAA-1026 S. epidermidis ATCC 14990 S. pyogenes ATCC 19615 S. pneumoniae ATCC 10015 P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 H. influenzae ATCC 49247 M. catarrhalis ATCC 23245 , Thymus sipyleus Boiss. , Agar diffusion Broth microdilution Vapour diffusion , The best antibacterial effect for thyme scented lemon was noticed against S. aureus , S. pyogenes and M. catarrhalis (MIC = 12–13 μg/mL). MRSA MIC = 310 μg/mL and P. aeruginosa MIC = 1250 μg/mL (lowest inhibitory effect). The anti-inflammatory effect was 12.1 ± 1.8% in 100 μg/mL, both effects being required for efficient inhalations in the treatment of rhinosinusitis. , [ ] .

Techniques: Activity Assay, Diffusion-based Assay, Inhibition, Cytotoxicity Assay, Electron Microscopy, In Vitro, Dilution Assay, Preserving, Quantitative Proteomics, Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis, Membrane, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Concentration Assay, Titration, Bacteria, Microscopy, Transmission Assay, Microdilution Assay, Produced, Modification, Clinical Proteomics, Blocking Assay, Staining, Cell Culture, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Reverse Transcription, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Crystal Violet Assay, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, In Vivo, Liposomes, Time-Kill Assay, Formulation, MTT Assay, Incubation, Thin Layer Chromatography, Bioassay, Antibiofilm Assay, Resazurin Assay, Biofilm Production Assay, Control, Infection, Cream, Antioxidant Activity Assay, Permeability, Virus, Extraction, Isolation

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: In Vitro Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activity of MFM 501, a Novel Codonopsinine Derivative, against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates

doi: 10.1155/2015/823829

Figure Lengend Snippet: MIC, MBC, and MBC/MIC values for MFM 501 against additional S. aureus isolates.

Article Snippet: Forty-three MRSA and 11 MSSA clinical isolates from three local hospitals with additional three American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) MRSA reference strains (ATCC 33591, ATCC 700699, and BAA-1556) and two MSSA ATCC reference strains (ATCC 25923 and ATCC 35556) were used in this experiment (as listed in ).

Techniques:

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Antimicrobial activities of Bacillus velezensis strains isolated from stingless bee products against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251514

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibacterial activities of B . velezensis strains against several pathogenic bacteria.

Article Snippet: MRSA strains (ATCC 33742, ATCC 700699, ATCC 25922 and ATCC 33741) and MSSA strain ATCC 12228 were obtained from the Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UPM, Malaysia.

Techniques: Bacteria, Inhibition

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Antimicrobial activities of Bacillus velezensis strains isolated from stingless bee products against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251514

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) The determination of MIC value. Growth of MRSA ATCC 33742 in nutrient broth inoculated with different dilutions of CFS from (i) strain PD9 and (ii) strain PD9 + MRSA ATCC 33742, after 16 h incubation. Un-inoculated nutrient broth serves as negative control. Reported values are mean ± standard deviation (error bar). (b) The determination of MBC value. Bactericidal activity of strain PD9 CFS from dilution factors of 2 1 to 2 3 on MRSA ATCC 33742 observed on mannitol salt agar after 24 h incubation. MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration, MBC = minimum bactericidal concentration and CFS = cell-free supernatant.

Article Snippet: MRSA strains (ATCC 33742, ATCC 700699, ATCC 25922 and ATCC 33741) and MSSA strain ATCC 12228 were obtained from the Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UPM, Malaysia.

Techniques: Incubation, Negative Control, Standard Deviation, Activity Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Antimicrobial activities of Bacillus velezensis strains isolated from stingless bee products against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251514

Figure Lengend Snippet: The inhibitory effect of strain PD9 at the final cell density of : 0 cfu/ml (control), : 10 3 cfu/ml, : 10 4 cfu/ml, and :10 5 cfu/ml on the growth of MRSA ATCC 33742. Reported values are mean ± standard deviation (error bar).

Article Snippet: MRSA strains (ATCC 33742, ATCC 700699, ATCC 25922 and ATCC 33741) and MSSA strain ATCC 12228 were obtained from the Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UPM, Malaysia.

Techniques: Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Antimicrobial activities of Bacillus velezensis strains isolated from stingless bee products against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251514

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Thermal stability of strain PD9 CFS on MRSA ATCC 33742 lawn cell plate after the heat treatment. Strain PD9 CFS was treated at 40 to 100°C for 30 min. The inhibitory activity was tested using agar well diffusion assay. CFS at room temperature served as a control. (b) pH stability of strain PD9 CFS on MRSA ATCC 33742 lawn cell plate after 30 min of pH treatment. The buffers used for the treatments were sodium acetate (pH4-6), sodium phosphate (pH 6–8), Tris-HCI (pH 8–9), glycine-OH (pH 9–11) and sodium hydrogen phosphate (pH 11–12). The buffer alone served as a negative control. (c) Enzyme stability of strain PD9 CFS on MRSA ATCC 33742 lawn cell plate after strain PD9 CFS was treated with proteinase K for 0.5 to 2.0 h at 37°C ( ) and 55°C ( ). CFS without proteinase K treatment served as a control. Reported values are mean ± standard deviation (error bar); CFS = cell-free supernatant.

Article Snippet: MRSA strains (ATCC 33742, ATCC 700699, ATCC 25922 and ATCC 33741) and MSSA strain ATCC 12228 were obtained from the Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UPM, Malaysia.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Diffusion-based Assay, Control, Negative Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Antimicrobial activities of Bacillus velezensis strains isolated from stingless bee products against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251514

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of surfactants and metal ions on inhibitory activities of strain PD9 CFS on MRSA ATCC 33742.

Article Snippet: MRSA strains (ATCC 33742, ATCC 700699, ATCC 25922 and ATCC 33741) and MSSA strain ATCC 12228 were obtained from the Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UPM, Malaysia.

Techniques: Inhibition, Control

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Antimicrobial activities of Bacillus velezensis strains isolated from stingless bee products against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251514

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Antimicrobial activity of the 1-butanol extract observed (a) before and (b) after evaporation on MRSA ATCC 33742 lawn cell plate. The antimicrobial compound from the 24-h cell culture of strain PD9 was extracted using 1-butanol as the organic solvent. (B) Antimicrobial activity of the eluted fractions from different ratios of DCM: MeOH observed on MRSA ATCC 33742 lawn cell plate. (a) Active fractions from eluent with ratio DCM (3):(1) MeOH. (b) Active fractions from eluent with ratio DCM (5):(1) MeOH. (c) Active fractions from eluent with ratio DCM (7):(1) MeOH. (d) Active fractions from eluent with ratio DCM (10):(1) MeOH.

Article Snippet: MRSA strains (ATCC 33742, ATCC 700699, ATCC 25922 and ATCC 33741) and MSSA strain ATCC 12228 were obtained from the Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UPM, Malaysia.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Evaporation, Cell Culture, Solvent

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Antimicrobial activities of Bacillus velezensis strains isolated from stingless bee products against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251514

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Tricine–SDS-PAGE analysis and direct detection of antimicrobial activity of the antimicrobial peptide using zymogram. The single band of purified peptide observed on SDS-PAGE with a halo zone observed against MRSA ATCC 33742 on the zymogram after 24 h of incubation. Vertical black lines in between the AMP and zymogram represents different gels ( and Figs) merged together to show the direct inhibitory activity of AMP against MRSA ATCC 33742. Marker: Unstained low range protein ladder. AMP: Antimicrobial peptide. (B) HPLC analysis of the antimicrobial peptide. A single peak was observed on the chromatogram indicating the purity of the silica gel purified antimicrobial peptide indicating successful purification of the antimicrobial peptide.

Article Snippet: MRSA strains (ATCC 33742, ATCC 700699, ATCC 25922 and ATCC 33741) and MSSA strain ATCC 12228 were obtained from the Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UPM, Malaysia.

Techniques: SDS Page, Activity Assay, Purification, Incubation, Marker